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Japanese N3 Verbs: Forms, Meanings, and Practice

2026-10-18Kind Japanese

Japanese N3 verbs connect basic conjugation with more flexible reading, listening, and conversation. This guide is based on practical vocabulary, natural collocations, transitivity, and the forms commonly used around the N3 level.

There is no single official list of Japanese N3 verbs. The JLPT tests vocabulary and grammar through reading and listening, so effective study requires more than memorising isolated Japanese English word pairs.

How to Study Japanese N3 Verbs

Learn every verb with its meaning, group, transitivity, common noun or particle pattern, and at least one contextual use. A Japanese English dictionary provides a useful starting gloss, but the original Japanese context determines which translation fits.

Japanese verbs have three practical groups:

  • Group 1 verbs change their final sound during conjugation.
  • Group 2 verbs usually drop their final -ru before taking an ending.
  • Irregular verbs include suru, kuru, and compounds based on suru.

Plain and polite are grammatical form choices. Casual and formal describe broader styles involving vocabulary, tone, and relationships. Plain forms are essential because many N3 patterns attach to them, even inside otherwise polite language.

If you need a foundation review, use the JLPT N5 Grammar List for Beginners. The JLPT N4 Plain Form Practice with a Tutor can help you prepare for longer N3 constructions.

In a detailed notebook, keep each source original: save its original Japanese wording beside your own rewrite. This prevents a remembered English meaning from replacing the verb’s actual usage.

100 Useful Japanese N3 Verbs

This reference covers 100 useful verbs across daily life, study, travel, work, communication, and common transitive-intransitive pairs. G1 means Group 1, G2 means Group 2, and Irreg. means irregular.

Japanese, kana, romaji, meaning

Group

Transitivity

Natural collocation

続ける(つづける, tsuzukeru, to continue)

G2

Transitive

勉強を続ける(べんきょうをつづける, benkyō o tsuzukeru, continue studying)

続く(つづく, tsuzuku, to continue)

G1

Intransitive

雨が続く(あめがつづく, ame ga tsuzuku, rain continues)

慣れる(なれる, nareru, to get used to)

G2

Intransitive

生活に慣れる(せいかつになれる, seikatsu ni nareru, get used to life)

増える(ふえる, fueru, to increase)

G2

Intransitive

人数が増える(にんずうがふえる, ninzū ga fueru, the number increases)

増やす(ふやす, fuyasu, to increase something)

G1

Transitive

機会を増やす(きかいをふやす, kikai o fuyasu, increase opportunities)

減る(へる, heru, to decrease)

G1

Intransitive

時間が減る(じかんがへる, jikan ga heru, time decreases)

減らす(へらす, herasu, to reduce)

G1

Transitive

量を減らす(りょうをへらす, ryō o herasu, reduce the amount)

残る(のこる, nokoru, to remain)

G1

Intransitive

問題が残る(もんだいがのこる, mondai ga nokoru, a problem remains)

残す(のこす, nokosu, to leave)

G1

Transitive

記録を残す(きろくをのこす, kiroku o nokosu, leave a record)

確認する(かくにんする, kakunin suru, to confirm)

Irreg.

Transitive

予定を確認する(よていをかくにんする, yotei o kakunin suru, confirm a plan)

任せる(まかせる, makaseru, to entrust)

G2

Transitive

仕事を任せる(しごとをまかせる, shigoto o makaseru, entrust work)

選ぶ(えらぶ, erabu, to choose)

G1

Transitive

方法を選ぶ(ほうほうをえらぶ, hōhō o erabu, choose a method)

決める(きめる, kimeru, to decide)

G2

Transitive

参加を決める(さんかをきめる, sanka o kimeru, decide to participate)

決まる(きまる, kimaru, to be decided)

G1

Intransitive

日程が決まる(にっていがきまる, nittei ga kimaru, the schedule is decided)

間に合わせる(まにあわせる, maniawaseru, to complete in time)

G2

Transitive

原稿を締め切りに間に合わせる(げんこうをしめきりにまにあわせる, genkō o shimekiri ni maniawaseru, complete a draft by the deadline)

間に合う(まにあう, maniau, to be in time)

G1

Intransitive

電車に間に合う(でんしゃにまにあう, densha ni maniau, catch the train in time)

乗り換える(のりかえる, norikaeru, to transfer)

G2

Transitive

電車を乗り換える(でんしゃをのりかえる, densha o norikaeru, transfer trains)

到着する(とうちゃくする, tōchaku suru, to arrive)

Irreg.

Intransitive

駅に到着する(えきにとうちゃくする, eki ni tōchaku suru, arrive at a station)

通り過ぎる(とおりすぎる, tōrisugiru, to pass by)

G2

Intransitive

駅を通り過ぎる(えきをとおりすぎる, eki o tōrisugiru, pass the station)

戻る(もどる, modoru, to return)

G1

Intransitive

家に戻る(いえにもどる, ie ni modoru, return home)

伝える(つたえる, tsutaeru, to convey)

G2

Transitive

意見を伝える(いけんをつたえる, iken o tsutaeru, convey an opinion)

伝わる(つたわる, tsutawaru, to be conveyed)

G1

Intransitive

意味が伝わる(いみがつたわる, imi ga tsutawaru, the meaning gets across)

断る(ことわる, kotowaru, to refuse)

G1

Transitive

招待を断る(しょうたいをことわる, shōtai o kotowaru, decline an invitation)

認める(みとめる, mitomeru, to acknowledge)

G2

Transitive

間違いを認める(まちがいをみとめる, machigai o mitomeru, admit a mistake)

相談する(そうだんする, sōdan suru, to consult)

Irreg.

Transitive

先生に相談する(せんせいにそうだんする, sensei ni sōdan suru, consult a teacher)

受ける(うける, ukeru, to receive or take)

G2

Transitive

試験を受ける(しけんをうける, shiken o ukeru, take an examination)

合格する(ごうかくする, gōkaku suru, to pass)

Irreg.

Intransitive

試験に合格する(しけんにごうかくする, shiken ni gōkaku suru, pass an examination)

失敗する(しっぱいする, shippai suru, to fail)

Irreg.

Intransitive

実験に失敗する(じっけんにしっぱいする, jikken ni shippai suru, fail an experiment)

成功する(せいこうする, seikō suru, to succeed)

Irreg.

Intransitive

計画が成功する(けいかくがせいこうする, keikaku ga seikō suru, the plan succeeds)

準備する(じゅんびする, junbi suru, to prepare)

Irreg.

Transitive

資料を準備する(しりょうをじゅんびする, shiryō o junbi suru, prepare materials)

調べる(しらべる, shiraberu, to investigate)

G2

Transitive

原因を調べる(げんいんをしらべる, gen'in o shiraberu, investigate the cause)

比べる(くらべる, kuraberu, to compare)

G2

Transitive

二つを比べる(ふたつをくらべる, futatsu o kuraberu, compare two things)

説明する(せつめいする, setsumei suru, to explain)

Irreg.

Transitive

理由を説明する(りゆうをせつめいする, riyū o setsumei suru, explain a reason)

紹介する(しょうかいする, shōkai suru, to introduce)

Irreg.

Transitive

友達を紹介する(ともだちをしょうかいする, tomodachi o shōkai suru, introduce a friend)

連絡する(れんらくする, renraku suru, to contact)

Irreg.

Transitive

会社に連絡する(かいしゃにれんらくする, kaisha ni renraku suru, contact a company)

報告する(ほうこくする, hōkoku suru, to report)

Irreg.

Transitive

結果を報告する(けっかをほうこくする, kekka o hōkoku suru, report the result)

提案する(ていあんする, teian suru, to propose)

Irreg.

Transitive

方法を提案する(ほうほうをていあんする, hōhō o teian suru, propose a method)

利用する(りようする, riyō suru, to use)

Irreg.

Transitive

サービスを利用する(サービスをりようする, sābisu o riyō suru, use a service)

参加する(さんかする, sanka suru, to participate)

Irreg.

Intransitive

会議に参加する(かいぎにさんかする, kaigi ni sanka suru, participate in a meeting)

出席する(しゅっせきする, shusseki suru, to attend)

Irreg.

Intransitive

授業に出席する(じゅぎょうにしゅっせきする, jugyō ni shusseki suru, attend class)

欠席する(けっせきする, kesseki suru, to be absent)

Irreg.

Intransitive

授業を欠席する(じゅぎょうをけっせきする, jugyō o kesseki suru, miss class)

遅刻する(ちこくする, chikoku suru, to be late)

Irreg.

Intransitive

学校に遅刻する(がっこうにちこくする, gakkō ni chikoku suru, be late for school)

過ごす(すごす, sugosu, to spend time)

G1

Transitive

休日を過ごす(きゅうじつをすごす, kyūjitsu o sugosu, spend a holiday)

暮らす(くらす, kurasu, to live)

G1

Intransitive

東京で暮らす(とうきょうでくらす, Tōkyō de kurasu, live in Tokyo)

育てる(そだてる, sodateru, to raise)

G2

Transitive

子どもを育てる(こどもをそだてる, kodomo o sodateru, raise a child)

育つ(そだつ, sodatsu, to grow up)

G1

Intransitive

子どもが育つ(こどもがそだつ, kodomo ga sodatsu, a child grows)

生まれる(うまれる, umareru, to be born)

G2

Intransitive

春に生まれる(はるにうまれる, haru ni umareru, be born in spring)

引っ越す(ひっこす, hikkosu, to move house)

G1

Intransitive

大阪へ引っ越す(おおさかへひっこす, Ōsaka e hikkosu, move to Osaka)

建てる(たてる, tateru, to build)

G2

Transitive

家を建てる(いえをたてる, ie o tateru, build a house)

建つ(たつ, tatsu, to be built)

G1

Intransitive

家が建つ(いえがたつ, ie ga tatsu, a house is built)

壊す(こわす, kowasu, to break something)

G1

Transitive

機械を壊す(きかいをこわす, kikai o kowasu, break a machine)

壊れる(こわれる, kowareru, to break)

G2

Intransitive

機械が壊れる(きかいがこわれる, kikai ga kowareru, a machine breaks)

開ける(あける, akeru, to open something)

G2

Transitive

ドアを開ける(ドアをあける, doa o akeru, open a door)

開く(あく, aku, to open)

G1

Intransitive

ドアが開く(ドアがあく, doa ga aku, a door opens)

閉める(しめる, shimeru, to close something)

G2

Transitive

窓を閉める(まどをしめる, mado o shimeru, close a window)

閉まる(しまる, shimaru, to close)

G1

Intransitive

窓が閉まる(まどがしまる, mado ga shimaru, a window closes)

始める(はじめる, hajimeru, to begin something)

G2

Transitive

授業を始める(じゅぎょうをはじめる, jugyō o hajimeru, begin a lesson)

始まる(はじまる, hajimaru, to begin)

G1

Intransitive

授業が始まる(じゅぎょうがはじまる, jugyō ga hajimaru, a lesson begins)

終える(おえる, oeru, to finish something)

G2

Transitive

仕事を終える(しごとをおえる, shigoto o oeru, finish work)

終わる(おわる, owaru, to end)

G1

Intransitive

会議が終わる(かいぎがおわる, kaigi ga owaru, a meeting ends)

変える(かえる, kaeru, to change something)

G2

Transitive

予定を変える(よていをかえる, yotei o kaeru, change a plan)

変わる(かわる, kawaru, to change)

G1

Intransitive

予定が変わる(よていがかわる, yotei ga kawaru, a plan changes)

集める(あつめる, atsumeru, to collect)

G2

Transitive

情報を集める(じょうほうをあつめる, jōhō o atsumeru, collect information)

集まる(あつまる, atsumaru, to gather)

G1

Intransitive

人が集まる(ひとがあつまる, hito ga atsumaru, people gather)

並べる(ならべる, naraberu, to arrange)

G2

Transitive

本を並べる(ほんをならべる, hon o naraberu, arrange books)

並ぶ(ならぶ, narabu, to line up)

G1

Intransitive

人が並ぶ(ひとがならぶ, hito ga narabu, people line up)

入れる(いれる, ireru, to put in)

G2

Transitive

荷物を入れる(にもつをいれる, nimotsu o ireru, put luggage inside)

入る(はいる, hairu, to enter)

G1

Intransitive

部屋に入る(へやにはいる, heya ni hairu, enter a room)

出す(だす, dasu, to take out or submit)

G1

Transitive

書類を出す(しょるいをだす, shorui o dasu, submit a document)

出る(でる, deru, to leave or emerge)

G2

Intransitive

部屋を出る(へやをでる, heya o deru, leave a room)

落とす(おとす, otosu, to drop)

G1

Transitive

財布を落とす(さいふをおとす, saifu o otosu, drop a wallet)

落ちる(おちる, ochiru, to fall)

G2

Intransitive

財布が落ちる(さいふがおちる, saifu ga ochiru, a wallet falls)

間違える(まちがえる, machigaeru, to get wrong)

G2

Transitive

答えを間違える(こたえをまちがえる, kotae o machigaeru, get an answer wrong)

直す(なおす, naosu, to fix or correct)

G1

Transitive

文章を直す(ぶんしょうをなおす, bunshō o naosu, correct a text)

直る(なおる, naoru, to be repaired)

G1

Intransitive

時計が直る(とけいがなおる, tokei ga naoru, a watch is repaired)

治す(なおす, naosu, to cure)

G1

Transitive

病気を治す(びょうきをなおす, byōki o naosu, cure an illness)

治る(なおる, naoru, to recover)

G1

Intransitive

病気が治る(びょうきがなおる, byōki ga naoru, an illness heals)

落ち着く(おちつく, ochitsuku, to calm down)

G1

Intransitive

気持ちが落ち着く(きもちがおちつく, kimochi ga ochitsuku, feelings settle)

急ぐ(いそぐ, isogu, to hurry)

G1

Intransitive

駅へ急ぐ(えきへいそぐ, eki e isogu, hurry to the station)

遅れる(おくれる, okureru, to be late)

G2

Intransitive

電車が遅れる(でんしゃがおくれる, densha ga okureru, a train is delayed)

迎える(むかえる, mukaeru, to meet or welcome)

G2

Transitive

駅で友達を迎える(えきでともだちをむかえる, eki de tomodachi o mukaeru, meet a friend at the station)

訪ねる(たずねる, tazuneru, to visit)

G2

Transitive

会社を訪ねる(かいしゃをたずねる, kaisha o tazuneru, visit a company)

尋ねる(たずねる, tazuneru, to ask)

G2

Transitive

先生に尋ねる(せんせいにたずねる, sensei ni tazuneru, ask a teacher)

見つける(みつける, mitsukeru, to find)

G2

Transitive

鍵を見つける(かぎをみつける, kagi o mitsukeru, find a key)

見つかる(みつかる, mitsukaru, to be found)

G1

Intransitive

鍵が見つかる(かぎがみつかる, kagi ga mitsukaru, a key is found)

探す(さがす, sagasu, to look for)

G1

Transitive

仕事を探す(しごとをさがす, shigoto o sagasu, look for work)

受け取る(うけとる, uketoru, to receive)

G1

Transitive

荷物を受け取る(にもつをうけとる, nimotsu o uketoru, receive a package)

渡す(わたす, watasu, to hand over)

G1

Transitive

書類を渡す(しょるいをわたす, shorui o watasu, hand over a document)

渡る(わたる, wataru, to cross)

G1

Intransitive

道を渡る(みちをわたる, michi o wataru, cross a road)

運ぶ(はこぶ, hakobu, to carry)

G1

Transitive

荷物を運ぶ(にもつをはこぶ, nimotsu o hakobu, carry luggage)

片付ける(かたづける, katazukeru, to tidy)

G2

Transitive

部屋を片付ける(へやをかたづける, heya o katazukeru, tidy a room)

申し込む(もうしこむ, mōshikomu, to apply)

G1

Transitive

試験に申し込む(しけんにもうしこむ, shiken ni mōshikomu, apply for an examination)

支払う(しはらう, shiharau, to pay)

G1

Transitive

料金を支払う(りょうきんをしはらう, ryōkin o shiharau, pay a fee)

貯める(ためる, tameru, to save)

G2

Transitive

お金を貯める(おかねをためる, okane o tameru, save money)

借りる(かりる, kariru, to borrow)

G2

Transitive

本を借りる(ほんをかりる, hon o kariru, borrow a book)

貸す(かす, kasu, to lend)

G1

Transitive

友達に本を貸す(ともだちにほんをかす, tomodachi ni hon o kasu, lend a book to a friend)

返す(かえす, kaesu, to return something)

G1

Transitive

本を返す(ほんをかえす, hon o kaesu, return a book)

誘う(さそう, sasou, to invite)

G1

Transitive

友達を誘う(ともだちをさそう, tomodachi o sasou, invite a friend)

守る(まもる, mamoru, to protect or follow)

G1

Transitive

ルールを守る(ルールをまもる, rūru o mamoru, follow rules)

避ける(さける, sakeru, to avoid)

G2

Transitive

混雑を避ける(こんざつをさける, konzatsu o sakeru, avoid crowds)

Forms and Common Mistakes

At N3, connect vocabulary directly to potential, passive, causative, and conditional forms instead of studying conjugation separately.

  • 選ぶ(えらぶ, erabu, to choose) becomes 選べる(えらべる, eraberu, can choose), 選ばれる(えらばれる, erabareru, be chosen), 選ばせる(えらばせる, erabaseru, make or let someone choose), and 選べば(えらべば, erabeba, if someone chooses).
  • 続ける(つづける, tsuzukeru, to continue) becomes 続けられる(つづけられる, tsuzukerareru, can continue or be continued). The surrounding nouns and particles reveal whether the form is potential or passive.
  • 確認する(かくにんする, kakunin suru, to confirm) produces 確認できる(かくにんできる, kakunin dekiru, can confirm), 確認される(かくにんされる, kakunin sareru, be confirmed), and 確認すれば(かくにんすれば, kakunin sureba, if someone confirms).
  • 申し込む(もうしこむ, mōshikomu, to apply) becomes 申し込める(もうしこめる, mōshikomeru, can apply) and 申し込ませる(もうしこませる, mōshikomaseru, make or let someone apply).

Learners often make these mistakes:

  • Confusing viewpoint. 開ける(あける, akeru, to open something) focuses on an actor, while 開く(あく, aku, to open) describes what happens to the object.
  • Predicting particles from transitivity alone. 申し込む(もうしこむ, mōshikomu, to apply) is transitive, but its target is commonly marked with the particle に (ni, target marker).
  • Treating every -ru verb as Group 2. 入る(はいる, hairu, to enter) is Group 1.
  • Forming the te-form mechanically. 書きます(かきます, kakimasu, to write politely) changes to 書いて(かいて, kaite, write in te-form), not 書きて(かきて, kakite, incorrect learner draft).
  • Describing a state with an unnatural form. Use 答えが間違っている(こたえがまちがっている, kotae ga machigatte iru, the answer is wrong) for the state, or 答えを間違える(こたえをまちがえる, kotae o machigaeru, to get an answer wrong) for the action.

A useful cultural point is that plain form is not automatically rude. It appears in casual speech, quotations, thoughts, written explanations, and clauses inside polite sentences; register depends on the whole interaction, not one ending.

Original Practice and Lesson Review

Use this original miniature practice set to test form, meaning, and particle awareness before checking the answers.

  1. A person deliberately opens a door. Which member of the open pair is needed?
  2. A plan changes without someone explicitly changing it. Which change verb fits?
  3. Which verb means “to ask”: the version written with 訪 or the version written with 尋?
  4. Change 選ぶ(えらぶ, erabu, to choose) into its plain potential form.
  5. Change 確認する(かくにんする, kakunin suru, to confirm) into its passive form.
  6. Choose the verb for intentionally breaking a machine.
  7. Change 申し込む(もうしこむ, mōshikomu, to apply) into the -eba conditional.
  8. Explain both possible functions of 続けられる(つづけられる, tsuzukerareru, can continue or be continued).

Answers:

  1. 開ける(あける, akeru, to open something) is transitive and focuses on the person’s action.
  2. 変わる(かわる, kawaru, to change) presents the plan itself as changing.
  3. 尋ねる(たずねる, tazuneru, to ask) is correct; 訪ねる(たずねる, tazuneru, to visit) describes visiting a place or person.
  4. 選べる(えらべる, eraberu, can choose) is the Group 1 potential form.
  5. 確認される(かくにんされる, kakunin sareru, be confirmed) is the passive form.
  6. 壊す(こわす, kowasu, to break something) is required because an actor causes the damage.
  7. 申し込めば(もうしこめば, mōshikomeba, if someone applies) is the Group 1 conditional.
  8. The form may express ability or a received action. Decide from the subject, particles, nouns, and wider context.

Kind Japanese offers 25-minute one-on-one lessons online over LINE. A focused lesson can include a warm-up, a target speaking task, correction of verb forms and particles, and a learner-owned review note or question list. A teacher can help learners compare intended meaning, relationship, politeness, pronounceability, and spoken reuse.

For focused help with your own N3 verbs, book a Free Trial Lesson over LINE.

Example Sentences

These four examples show transitive-intransitive viewpoint and two verbs with the same pronunciation but different kanji and meanings.

係員がドアを開けました。
Kakariin ga doa o akemashita.
The attendant opened the door.

風でドアが開きました。
Kaze de doa ga akimashita.
The door opened because of the wind.

先生に言葉の意味を尋ねました。
Sensei ni kotoba no imi o tazunemashita.
I asked the teacher the meaning of the word.

昨日、その会社を訪ねました。
Kinō, sono kaisha o tazunemashita.
I visited that company yesterday.

FAQ

How many verbs should I learn for JLPT N3?

There is no official verb list that guarantees an N3 result, because the JLPT samples vocabulary and grammar through reading and listening. Use this curated set as a foundation, then expand it with verbs from your own books, media, and practice materials, always recording particles and context.

Should I study plain or polite forms first?

Learn the dictionary and polite forms together, then add negative, past, potential, passive, causative, and conditional forms in context. Plain grammar is essential for N3, but casual and formal style also depend on relationship, setting, and vocabulary, not only on the verb ending you choose.

Why are potential and passive forms confusing?

Potential describes ability or possibility, while passive describes an action received by the subject. Some Group 2 verbs have identical surface forms, so check the subject, particles, nearby nouns, and wider meaning; if the sentence still seems ambiguous, compare it with the surrounding passage or conversation.

What is the best way to remember N3 verbs?

Review verbs in contrasting pairs and attach one natural collocation to every item, rather than memorising isolated English words. Repeatedly retrieve the form aloud, answer short contextual questions, and keep a learner-owned correction list; that combination builds recognition for the test and more reliable spoken use.

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